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Showing posts with label SQL Tutorial. Show all posts
Showing posts with label SQL Tutorial. Show all posts

26 December, 2020

SQL Operators

 Programing Coderfunda     December 26, 2020     SQL Tutorial     No comments   

SQL Arithmetic Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
+AddTry it
-SubtractTry it
*MultiplyTry it
/DivideTry it
%ModuloTry it

SQL Bitwise Operators

OperatorDescription
&Bitwise AND
|Bitwise OR
^Bitwise exclusive OR

SQL Comparison Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
=Equal toTry it
>Greater thanTry it
<Less thanTry it
>=Greater than or equal toTry it
<=Less than or equal toTry it
<>Not equal toTry it

SQL Compound Operators

OperatorDescription
+=Add equals
-=Subtract equals
*=Multiply equals
/=Divide equals
%=Modulo equals
&=Bitwise AND equals
^-=Bitwise exclusive equals
|*=Bitwise OR equals

SQL Logical Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
ALLTRUE if all of the subquery values meet the conditionTry it
ANDTRUE if all the conditions separated by AND is TRUETry it
ANYTRUE if any of the subquery values meet the conditionTry it
BETWEENTRUE if the operand is within the range of comparisonsTry it
EXISTSTRUE if the subquery returns one or more recordsTry it
INTRUE if the operand is equal to one of a list of expressionsTry it
LIKETRUE if the operand matches a patternTry it
NOTDisplays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUETry it
ORTRUE if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUETry it
SOMETRUE if any of the subquery values meet the conditionTry it

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SQL Operators

 Programing Coderfunda     December 26, 2020     SQL Tutorial     No comments   

SQL Arithmetic Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
+AddTry it
-SubtractTry it
*MultiplyTry it
/DivideTry it
%ModuloTry it

SQL Bitwise Operators

OperatorDescription
&Bitwise AND
|Bitwise OR
^Bitwise exclusive OR

SQL Comparison Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
=Equal toTry it
>Greater thanTry it
<Less thanTry it
>=Greater than or equal toTry it
<=Less than or equal toTry it
<>Not equal toTry it

SQL Compound Operators

OperatorDescription
+=Add equals
-=Subtract equals
*=Multiply equals
/=Divide equals
%=Modulo equals
&=Bitwise AND equals
^-=Bitwise exclusive equals
|*=Bitwise OR equals

SQL Logical Operators

OperatorDescriptionExample
ALLTRUE if all of the subquery values meet the conditionTry it
ANDTRUE if all the conditions separated by AND is TRUETry it
ANYTRUE if any of the subquery values meet the conditionTry it
BETWEENTRUE if the operand is within the range of comparisonsTry it
EXISTSTRUE if the subquery returns one or more recordsTry it
INTRUE if the operand is equal to one of a list of expressionsTry it
LIKETRUE if the operand matches a patternTry it
NOTDisplays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUETry it
ORTRUE if any of the conditions separated by OR is TRUETry it
SOMETRUE if any of the subquery values meet the conditionTry it

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SQL Comments

 Programing Coderfunda     December 26, 2020     SQL Tutorial     No comments   

SQL Comments

Comments are used to explain sections of SQL statements, or to prevent execution of SQL statements.

Note: The examples in this chapter will not work in Firefox and Microsoft Edge!

Comments are not supported in Microsoft Access databases. Firefox and Microsoft Edge are using Microsoft Access database in our examples.


Single Line Comments

Single line comments start with --.

Any text between -- and the end of the line will be ignored (will not be executed).

The following example uses a single-line comment as an explanation:

Example

--Select all:
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a single-line comment to ignore the end of a line:

Example

SELECT * FROM Customers -- WHERE City='Berlin';
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a single-line comment to ignore a statement:

Example

--SELECT * FROM Customers;
SELECT * FROM Products;
Try it Yourself »

Multi-line Comments

Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.

Any text between /* and */ will be ignored.

The following example uses a multi-line comment as an explanation:

Example

/*Select all the columns
of all the records
in the Customers table:*/

SELECT * FROM Customers;
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a multi-line comment to ignore many statements:

Example

/*SELECT * FROM Customers;
SELECT * FROM Products;
SELECT * FROM Orders;
SELECT * FROM Categories;*/

SELECT * FROM Suppliers;
Try it Yourself »

To ignore just a part of a statement, also use the /* */ comment.

The following example uses a comment to ignore part of a line:

Example

SELECT CustomerName, /*City,*/ Country FROM Customers;
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a comment to ignore part of a statement:

Example

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE (CustomerName LIKE 'L%'
OR CustomerName LIKE 'R%' /*OR CustomerName LIKE 'S%'
OR CustomerName LIKE 'T%'*/
 OR CustomerName LIKE 'W%')
AND Country='USA'
ORDER BY CustomerName;
Try it Yourself »

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SQL Comments

 Programing Coderfunda     December 26, 2020     SQL Tutorial     No comments   

SQL Comments

Comments are used to explain sections of SQL statements, or to prevent execution of SQL statements.

Note: The examples in this chapter will not work in Firefox and Microsoft Edge!

Comments are not supported in Microsoft Access databases. Firefox and Microsoft Edge are using Microsoft Access database in our examples.


Single Line Comments

Single line comments start with --.

Any text between -- and the end of the line will be ignored (will not be executed).

The following example uses a single-line comment as an explanation:

Example

--Select all:
SELECT * FROM Customers;
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a single-line comment to ignore the end of a line:

Example

SELECT * FROM Customers -- WHERE City='Berlin';
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a single-line comment to ignore a statement:

Example

--SELECT * FROM Customers;
SELECT * FROM Products;
Try it Yourself »

Multi-line Comments

Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.

Any text between /* and */ will be ignored.

The following example uses a multi-line comment as an explanation:

Example

/*Select all the columns
of all the records
in the Customers table:*/

SELECT * FROM Customers;
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a multi-line comment to ignore many statements:

Example

/*SELECT * FROM Customers;
SELECT * FROM Products;
SELECT * FROM Orders;
SELECT * FROM Categories;*/

SELECT * FROM Suppliers;
Try it Yourself »

To ignore just a part of a statement, also use the /* */ comment.

The following example uses a comment to ignore part of a line:

Example

SELECT CustomerName, /*City,*/ Country FROM Customers;
Try it Yourself »

The following example uses a comment to ignore part of a statement:

Example

SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE (CustomerName LIKE 'L%'
OR CustomerName LIKE 'R%' /*OR CustomerName LIKE 'S%'
OR CustomerName LIKE 'T%'*/
 OR CustomerName LIKE 'W%')
AND Country='USA'
ORDER BY CustomerName;
Try it Yourself »

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SQL Stored Procedures for SQL Server

 Programing Coderfunda     December 26, 2020     SQL Tutorial     No comments   

What is a Stored Procedure?

A stored procedure is a prepared SQL code that you can save, so the code can be reused over and over again.

So if you have an SQL query that you write over and over again, save it as a stored procedure, and then just call it to execute it.

You can also pass parameters to a stored procedure, so that the stored procedure can act based on the parameter value(s) that is passed.

Stored Procedure Syntax

CREATE PROCEDURE procedure_name
AS
sql_statement
GO;

Execute a Stored Procedure

EXEC procedure_name;

Demo Database

Below is a selection from the "Customers" table in the Northwind sample database:

CustomerIDCustomerNameContactNameAddressCityPostalCodeCountry
1

Alfreds FutterkisteMaria AndersObere Str. 57Berlin12209Germany
2Ana Trujillo Emparedados y heladosAna TrujilloAvda. de la Constitución 2222México D.F.05021Mexico
3Antonio Moreno TaqueríaAntonio MorenoMataderos 2312México D.F.05023Mexico
4

Around the HornThomas Hardy120 Hanover Sq.LondonWA1 1DPUK
5Berglunds snabbköpChristina BerglundBerguvsvägen 8LuleåS-958 22Sweden

Stored Procedure Example

The following SQL statement creates a stored procedure named "SelectAllCustomers" that selects all records from the "Customers" table:

Example

CREATE PROCEDURE SelectAllCustomers
AS
SELECT * FROM Customers
GO;

Execute the stored procedure above as follows:

Example

EXEC SelectAllCustomers;

Stored Procedure With One Parameter

The following SQL statement creates a stored procedure that selects Customers from a particular City from the "Customers" table:

Example

CREATE PROCEDURE SelectAllCustomers @City nvarchar(30)
AS
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City = @City
GO;

Execute the stored procedure above as follows:

Example

EXEC SelectAllCustomers @City = 'London';

Stored Procedure With Multiple Parameters

Setting up multiple parameters is very easy. Just list each parameter and the data type separated by a comma as shown below.

The following SQL statement creates a stored procedure that selects Customers from a particular City with a particular PostalCode from the "Customers" table:

Example

CREATE PROCEDURE SelectAllCustomers @City nvarchar(30), @PostalCode nvarchar(10)
AS
SELECT * FROM Customers WHERE City = @City AND PostalCode = @PostalCode
GO;

Execute the stored procedure above as follows:

Example

EXEC SelectAllCustomers @City = 'London', @PostalCode = 'WA1 1DP';
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