DBMS vs. File System

File System Approach

File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual system. It is also called a traditional-based approach in which a decentralized approach was taken where each department stored and controlled its own data with the help of a data processing specialist. The main role of a data processing specialist was to create the necessary computer file structures, and also manage the data within structures and design some application programs that create reports based on file data.

In the above figure:

Consider an example of a student's file system. The student file will contain information regarding the student (i.e. roll no, student name, course, etc.). Similarly, we have a subject file that contains information about the subject and the result file which contains the information regarding the result.

Some fields are duplicated in more than one file, which leads to data redundancy. So to overcome this problem, we need to create a centralized system, i.e. DBMS approach.

DBMS:

A database approach is a well-organized collection of data that are related in a meaningful way that can be accessed by different users but stored only once in a system. The various operations performed by the DBMS system are Insertion, deletion, selection, sorting, etc.

In the above figure,

In the above figure, duplication of data is reduced due to the centralization of data.

There are the following differences between DBMS and File systems:

Basis	DBMS Approach	File System Approach
Meaning	DBMS is a collection of data. In DBMS, the user is not required to write the procedures.	The file system is a collection of data. In this system, the user has to write the procedures for managing the database.
Sharing of data due	Due to the centralized approach, data sharing is easy.	Data is distributed in many files, and it may be of different formats, so it isn't easy to share data.
Data Abstraction	DBMS gives an abstract view of data that hides the details.	The file system provides the detail of the data representation and storage of data.
Security and Protection	DBMS provides a good protection mechanism.	It isn't easy to protect a file under the file system.
Recovery Mechanism	DBMS provides a crash recovery mechanism, i.e., DBMS protects the user from system failure.	The file system doesn't have a crash mechanism, i.e., if the system crashes while entering some data, then the content of the file will be lost.
Manipulation Techniques	DBMS contains a wide variety of sophisticated techniques to store and retrieve the data.	The file system can't efficiently store and retrieve the data.
Concurrency Problems	DBMS takes care of Concurrent access of data using some form of locking.	In the File system, concurrent access has many problems like redirecting the file while deleting some information or updating some information.
Where to use	Database approach used in large systems which interrelate many files.	File system approach used in large systems which interrelate many files.
Cost	The database system is expensive to design.	The file system approach is cheaper to design.
Data Redundancy and Inconsistency	Due to the centralization of the database, the problems of data redundancy and inconsistency are controlled.	In this, the files and application programs are created by different programmers so that there exists a lot of duplication of data which may lead to inconsistency.
Structure	The database structure is complex to design.	The file system approach has a simple structure.
Data Independence	In this system, Data Independence exists, and it can be of two types. Logical Data Independence Physical Data Independence	In the File system approach, there exists no Data Independence.
Integrity Constraints	Integrity Constraints are easy to apply.	Integrity Constraints are difficult to implement in file system.
Data Models	In the database approach, 3 types of data models exist: Hierarchal data models Network data models Relational data models	In the file system approach, there is no concept of data models exists.
Flexibility	Changes are often a necessity to the content of the data stored in any system, and these changes are more easily with a database approach.	The flexibility of the system is less as compared to the DBMS approach.
Examples	Oracle, SQL Server, Sybase etc.	Cobol, C++ etc.