Local scopes

 Local scopes encapsulate reusable query conditions.

class Order extends Model
{
    public function scopePaid($query)
    {
        return $query->where('status', 'paid');
    }
}

Usage:

$orders = Order::paid()->latest()->get();

Parameterized scope:

public function scopeStatus($query, $status)
{
    return $query->where('status', $status);
}

Usage:

Order::status('pending')->get();

Real-project scenario

Instead of repeating:

where('status', 'active')

throughout controllers, repositories, and services, I can define:

User::active()->get();

This keeps business query logic reusable.