CRUD Models in Magento 2

 

Magento 2 get collection can manage data in database easily, you don’t need to write many line of code to create a CRUD

CRUD Models in Magento 2 can manage data in database easily, you don’t need to write many line of code to create a CRUD. CRUD is stand for Create, Read, Update and Delete. We will learn about some main contents: How to setup Database, Model, Resource Model and Resource Magento 2 Get Collection and do database related operations. In previous post, we discussed about Creating Controllers in Magento 2

Before learning this post, let’s decide how the table which we work with will look. I will create a table mageplaza_helloworld_post and take the following columns:

• post_id - the post unique identifier
• name - the name of the post
• url_key - url of the post
• post_content - the content of the post
• tags - the tag of the post
• status - the status of the post
• featured_image - the image of the post
• created_at - the date created of the post
• updated_at - the date updated of the post

To create Model in Magento 2

• Step 1: Setup Script
• Step 2: Create Model
• Step 3: Create Resource Model
• Step 4: Create Resource Model Collection
• Step 5: Factory Object

Step 1: Setup Script

Firstly, we will create database table for our CRUD models. To do this we need to insert the setup file:

app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Setup/InstallSchema.php

This file will execute only one time when install the module. Let put this content for this file to create above table:

<?php
namespace Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Setup;

class InstallSchema implements \Magento\Framework\Setup\InstallSchemaInterface
{

	public function install(\Magento\Framework\Setup\SchemaSetupInterface $setup, \Magento\Framework\Setup\ModuleContextInterface $context)
	{
		$installer = $setup;
		$installer->startSetup();
		if (!$installer->tableExists('mageplaza_helloworld_post')) {
			$table = $installer->getConnection()->newTable(
				$installer->getTable('mageplaza_helloworld_post')
			)
				->addColumn(
					'post_id',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_INTEGER,
					null,
					[
						'identity' => true,
						'nullable' => false,
						'primary'  => true,
						'unsigned' => true,
					],
					'Post ID'
				)
				->addColumn(
					'name',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
					255,
					['nullable => false'],
					'Post Name'
				)
				->addColumn(
					'url_key',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
					255,
					[],
					'Post URL Key'
				)
				->addColumn(
					'post_content',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
					'64k',
					[],
					'Post Post Content'
				)
				->addColumn(
					'tags',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
					255,
					[],
					'Post Tags'
				)
				->addColumn(
					'status',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_INTEGER,
					1,
					[],
					'Post Status'
				)
				->addColumn(
					'featured_image',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
					255,
					[],
					'Post Featured Image'
				)
				->addColumn(
						'created_at',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
						null,
						['nullable' => false, 'default' => \Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TIMESTAMP_INIT],
						'Created At'
				)->addColumn(
					'updated_at',
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
					null,
					['nullable' => false, 'default' => \Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TIMESTAMP_INIT_UPDATE],
					'Updated At')
				->setComment('Post Table');
			$installer->getConnection()->createTable($table);

			$installer->getConnection()->addIndex(
				$installer->getTable('mageplaza_helloworld_post'),
				$setup->getIdxName(
					$installer->getTable('mageplaza_helloworld_post'),
					['name','url_key','post_content','tags','featured_image'],
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Adapter\AdapterInterface::INDEX_TYPE_FULLTEXT
				),
				['name','url_key','post_content','tags','featured_image'],
				\Magento\Framework\DB\Adapter\AdapterInterface::INDEX_TYPE_FULLTEXT
			);
		}
		$installer->endSetup();
	}
}

This content is showing how the table created, you can edit it to make your own table. Please note that Magento will automatically run this file for the first time when installing the module. If you installed the module before, you will need to upgrade module and write the table create code to the UpgradeSchema.php in that folder and change attribute setup_version greater than current setup version in module.xml at app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/etc/module.xml.

Contents would be:

File: app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/etc/module.xml

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="urn:magento:framework:Module/etc/module.xsd">
    <module name="Mageplaza_HelloWorld" setup_version="1.1.0">
    </module>
</config>

In module.xml file, we changed the attribute to 1.1.0 greater than setup_version in How to Create Module in Magento 2

File: app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Setup/UpgradeSchema.php

<?php
namespace Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Setup;

use Magento\Framework\Setup\UpgradeSchemaInterface;
use Magento\Framework\Setup\SchemaSetupInterface;
use Magento\Framework\Setup\ModuleContextInterface;

class UpgradeSchema implements UpgradeSchemaInterface
{
	public function upgrade( SchemaSetupInterface $setup, ModuleContextInterface $context ) {
		$installer = $setup;

		$installer->startSetup();

		if(version_compare($context->getVersion(), '1.1.0', '<')) {
			if (!$installer->tableExists('mageplaza_helloworld_post')) {
				$table = $installer->getConnection()->newTable(
					$installer->getTable('mageplaza_helloworld_post')
				)
					->addColumn(
						'post_id',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_INTEGER,
						null,
						[
							'identity' => true,
							'nullable' => false,
							'primary'  => true,
							'unsigned' => true,
						],
						'Post ID'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'name',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
						255,
						['nullable => false'],
						'Post Name'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'url_key',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
						255,
						[],
						'Post URL Key'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'post_content',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
						'64k',
						[],
						'Post Post Content'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'tags',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
						255,
						[],
						'Post Tags'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'status',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_INTEGER,
						1,
						[],
						'Post Status'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'featured_image',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TEXT,
						255,
						[],
						'Post Featured Image'
					)
					->addColumn(
						'created_at',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
						null,
						['nullable' => false, 'default' => \Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TIMESTAMP_INIT],
						'Created At'
					)->addColumn(
						'updated_at',
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
						null,
						['nullable' => false, 'default' => \Magento\Framework\DB\Ddl\Table::TIMESTAMP_INIT_UPDATE],
						'Updated At')
					->setComment('Post Table');
				$installer->getConnection()->createTable($table);

				$installer->getConnection()->addIndex(
					$installer->getTable('mageplaza_helloworld_post'),
					$setup->getIdxName(
						$installer->getTable('mageplaza_helloworld_post'),
						['name','url_key','post_content','tags','featured_image'],
						\Magento\Framework\DB\Adapter\AdapterInterface::INDEX_TYPE_FULLTEXT
					),
					['name','url_key','post_content','tags','featured_image'],
					\Magento\Framework\DB\Adapter\AdapterInterface::INDEX_TYPE_FULLTEXT
				);
			}
		}

		$installer->endSetup();
	}
}

After this please run this command line:

php bin/magento setup:upgrade

When you run upgrade completed, please continue run deploy like this

php bin/magento setup:static-content:deploy

Now checking your database, you will see a table with name mageplaza_helloworld_post and above columns. If this table is not created, it may be because you ran the above command line before you add content to InstallSchema.php. To fix this, you need remove the information that let Magento know your module has installed in the system. Please open the table ‘setup_module’, find and remove a row has module equals to mageplaza_helloworld_post. After this, run the command again to install the table.

This InstallSchema.php is used to create database structure. If you want to install the data to the table which you was created, you need to use InstallData.php file:

app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Setup/InstallData.php

Please take a look in some InstallData file in Magento to know how to use it. This’s some file you can see:

- vendor/magento/module-tax/Setup/InstallData.php
- vendor/magento/module-customer/Setup/InstallData.php
- vendor/magento/module-catalog/Setup/InstallData.php

As I said above, those install file will be used for first time install the module. If you want to change the database when upgrade module, please try to use UpgradeSchema.php and UpgradeData.php.

Step 2: Create Model

Model is a huge path of MVC architecture. In Magento 2 CRUD, models have many different functions such as manage data, install or upgrade module. In this tutorial, I only talk about data management CRUD. We have to create Model, Resource Model, Resource Model Collection to manage data in table: mageplaza_helloworld_post as I mentioned above.

Now we will create the model file:

app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Model/Post.php

And this is the content of that file:

<?php
namespace Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model;
class Post extends \Magento\Framework\Model\AbstractModel implements \Magento\Framework\DataObject\IdentityInterface
{
	const CACHE_TAG = 'mageplaza_helloworld_post';

	protected $_cacheTag = 'mageplaza_helloworld_post';

	protected $_eventPrefix = 'mageplaza_helloworld_post';

	protected function _construct()
	{
		$this->_init('Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model\ResourceModel\Post');
	}

	public function getIdentities()
	{
		return [self::CACHE_TAG . '_' . $this->getId()];
	}

	public function getDefaultValues()
	{
		$values = [];

		return $values;
	}
}

This model class will extends AbstractModel class Magento\Framework\Model\AbstractModel and implements \Magento\Framework\DataObject\IdentityInterface. The IdentityInterface will force Model class define the getIdentities() method which will return a unique id for the model. You must only use this interface if your model required cache clear after database operation and render information to the frontend page.

The _construct() method will be called whenever a model is instantiated. Every CRUD model have to use the _construct() method to call _init() method. This _init() method will define the resource model which will actually fetch the information from the database. As above, we define the resource model Mageplaza\Post\Model\ResourceModel\Post The last thing about model is some variable which you should you in your model:

• $_eventPrefix - a prefix for events to be triggered
• $_eventObject - a object name when access in event
• $_cacheTag - a unique identifier for use within caching

Step 3: Create Resource Model

As you know, the model file contain overall database logic, it do not execute sql queries. The resource model will do that. Now we will create the Resource Model for this table: app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Model/ResourceModel/Post.php

Content for this file:

<?php
namespace Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model\ResourceModel;


class Post extends \Magento\Framework\Model\ResourceModel\Db\AbstractDb
{
	
	public function __construct(
		\Magento\Framework\Model\ResourceModel\Db\Context $context
	)
	{
		parent::__construct($context);
	}
	
	protected function _construct()
	{
		$this->_init('mageplaza_helloworld_post', 'post_id');
	}
	
}

Every CRUD resource model in Magento must extends abstract class \Magento\Framework\Model\ResourceModel\Db\AbstractDb which contain the functions for fetching information from database.

Like model class, this resource model class will have required method _construct(). This method will call _init() function to define the table name and primary key for that table. In this example, we have table mageplaza_helloworld_post and the primary key post_id.

Step 4: Create Resource Model Collection - Get Model Collection

The collection model is considered a resource model which allow us to filter and fetch a collection table data. The collection model will be placed in:

app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Model/ResourceModel/Post/Collection.php

The content for this file:

<?php
namespace Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model\ResourceModel\Post;

class Collection extends \Magento\Framework\Model\ResourceModel\Db\Collection\AbstractCollection
{
	protected $_idFieldName = 'post_id';
	protected $_eventPrefix = 'mageplaza_helloworld_post_collection';
	protected $_eventObject = 'post_collection';

	/**
	 * Define resource model
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	protected function _construct()
	{
		$this->_init('Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model\Post', 'Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model\ResourceModel\Post');
	}

}

The CRUD collection class must extends from \Magento\Framework\Model\ResourceModel\Db\Collection\AbstractCollection and call the _init() method to init the model, resource model in _construct() function.

Step 5: Factory Object

We are done with creating the database table, CRUD model, resource model and collection. So how to use them?

In this part, we will talk about Factory Object for model. As you know in OOP, a factory method will be used to instantiate an object. In Magento, the Factory Object do the same thing.

The Factory class name is the name of Model class and append with the ‘Factory’ word. So for our example, we will have PostFactory class. You must not create this class. Magento will create it for you. Whenever Magento’s object manager encounters a class name that ends in the word ‘Factory’, it will automatically generate the Factory class in the var/generation folder if the class does not already exist. You will see the factory class in

var/generation/<vendor_name>/<module_name>/Model/ClassFactory.php

In this case, it will be:

var/generation/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Model/PostFactory.php

To instantiate a model object we will use automatic constructor dependency injection to inject a factory object, then use factory object to instantiate the model object.

For example, we will call the model to get data in controller.

app/code/Mageplaza/HelloWorld/Controller/Index/Index.php

Content for this file:

<?php
namespace Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Controller\Index;

class Index extends \Magento\Framework\App\Action\Action
{
	protected $_pageFactory;

	protected $_postFactory;

	public function __construct(
		\Magento\Framework\App\Action\Context $context,
		\Magento\Framework\View\Result\PageFactory $pageFactory,
		\Mageplaza\HelloWorld\Model\PostFactory $postFactory
		)
	{
		$this->_pageFactory = $pageFactory;
		$this->_postFactory = $postFactory;
		return parent::__construct($context);
	}

	public function execute()
	{
		$post = $this->_postFactory->create();
		$collection = $post->getCollection();
		foreach($collection as $item){
			echo "<pre>";
			print_r($item->getData());
			echo "</pre>";
		}
		exit();
		return $this->_pageFactory->create();
	}
}

As you see in this controller, the PostFactory object will be created in the _construct() function. In the execute() function, we use $post = $this->_postFactory->create(); to create the model object.

Now, You need go to phpmyadmin and open mageplaza_helloworld_post table to add some record to test post model work.

After completed, let’s open browser and navigate to

http://<yourhost.com>/helloworld/index/index

and see the result.

Availble sample model on Github